sustainable-development think tank
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International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) · Canada · Belt and Road runs hottest ever, $213bn in 2025, tilting to energy, mining and tech
Argues the 'small yet smart' turn shifts risk to host countries that lack the agency to negotiate; the record headline number masks thinner-margin, higher-scrutiny projects and persistent debt-sustainability questions in low-income partners.
“Host-country agency is the key to whether the 'small yet smart' BRI delivers.”