environmental investigative

Details how Brazil's Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira lets any declared gold tonnage pass as legitimate because no prior mineral survey is required, so ANM regulatory gaps turn protected-area and Indigenous-land gold into 'clean' export, a structural laundering channel, not isolated fraud.

“Flaws in artisanal-mining permits allowed R$18.4 billion in gold to be moved, Greenpeace says, much from protected and Indigenous lands.”