The US-led crewed return to the Moon, pairing the SLS rocket and Orion capsule with commercial landers and a 68-nation governance framework.
Europe's sovereign-launch capability, built around ESA, ArianeGroup, and Arianespace, centers on Ariane 6, the continent's sole operational heavy-lift rocket, flying from Kourou, French Guiana.
The EU's global navigation satellite system, built for European autonomy from US GPS, now the world's most accurate civilian GNSS and a pillar of European strategic independence.
The fourth planet from the Sun and primary destination for robotic exploration, Mars anchors an intensifying US-China race to return the first samples to Earth.
The only large-scale Western non-Starlink LEO broadband constellation, formed by the 2023 France-UK merger driving Europe's sovereign satellite strategy.
The progressive crowding of Earth's orbital shells, primarily low-Earth orbit, by satellites and debris, raising collision risk globally and threatening a shared orbital commons.
Orbiting debris from US, Chinese, Russian, and European launches crowds low Earth orbit shells, raising collision risk for active satellites and requiring new national and international removal standards.
The set of rules, tracking systems, and coordination processes governments use to manage orbital objects and prevent collisions, with no binding international regime in place.
增强型P160C助推器与亚马逊合同为欧洲提供了一个薄弱但有效的自主发射基础
规避机动持续增加，十年成本达258亿至423亿美元，需95%的废弃合规率以防链式反应
€960M 股权融资，€2.3B 用于 440 颗 OneWeb 后续卫星，€10.6B 的 IRIS² 特许经营权，但服务推迟至 2030 年