The industrial recovery of lithium, cobalt, and nickel from spent EV batteries, now structurally mandated by EU law and the central supply-chain bet against dependence on new primary mining.
China's most vertically integrated cobalt-to-cathode company, spanning Democratic Republic of Congo mining and Indonesian nickel HPAL to battery materials for global EV makers.
完整档案 ›Producers and processors: the fifteen miners and refiners who set the critical minerals supply floor
From Chilean brine fields to Congolese copper pits, fifteen companies mine and refine the lithium, copper and cobalt the energy transition depends on.
The only commercial route from low-grade Indonesian laterite ore to battery-grade nickel, now structurally exposed by sulphuric acid import dependency and Jakarta's supply controls.
Zimbabwe holds some of the world's largest hard-rock lithium reserves and is Africa's first exporter of domestically refined lithium sulphate, driven by Chinese capital and a mandatory processing policy.
中国最大的钴电池材料公司在2026年同时向韩国电动车供应、印尼电芯制造和欧洲回收三个方向扩张，构建起从刚果（金）采矿到报废电池回收的垂直一体化布局