The industrial recovery of lithium, cobalt, and nickel from spent EV batteries, now structurally mandated by EU law and the central supply-chain bet against dependence on new primary mining.
China's most vertically integrated cobalt-to-cathode company, spanning Democratic Republic of Congo mining and Indonesian nickel HPAL to battery materials for global EV makers.
전체 파일 ›Producers and processors: the fifteen miners and refiners who set the critical minerals supply floor
From Chilean brine fields to Congolese copper pits, fifteen companies mine and refine the lithium, copper and cobalt the energy transition depends on.
The only commercial route from low-grade Indonesian laterite ore to battery-grade nickel, now structurally exposed by sulphuric acid import dependency and Jakarta's supply controls.
Zimbabwe holds some of the world's largest hard-rock lithium reserves and is Africa's first exporter of domestically refined lithium sulphate, driven by Chinese capital and a mandatory processing policy.
중국 최대 코발트 배터리 소재 기업이 2026년 한국 EV 공급, 인도네시아 셀 제조, 유럽 재활용으로 동시에 확장하며 콩고민주공화국 광산에서 폐배터리 회수까지 수직 통합된 지위를 구축했다