The repeating pattern in which IMF-backed fiscal consolidation and subsidy cuts in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and South Asia trigger street protests that destabilise governments implementing them.

Nigeria's 16th president since May 2023, who built the APC coalition and launched the continent's most closely watched fuel-subsidy and currency reform.

Markets and FAAC allocations have surged since the subsidy was cut and the naira floated, but petrol has risen more than fourfold and households are still squeezed