Seven technologies, from high-pressure acid leaching to battery recycling, determine whether refined critical minerals reach EV batteries and magnets from diversified or concentrated sources.
The midstream processing stage that converts ore concentrates into usable materials, with China controlling roughly 90% of global rare earth separation and battery-mineral refining.
full dossier ›The rare earth element powering NdFeB permanent magnets in EV motors, wind turbines and weapons; China controls 91% of global NdPr refining and 94% of magnet output.
Australia's first integrated rare earths refinery is on schedule for commissioning in 2027 with committed NdPr and heavy rare earth offtake; the White Mesa Mill in Utah is the only facility outside China that can separate terbium and dysprosium at commercial scale