Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4), the soil-borne fungal pathogen that killed the Gros Michel banana variety in the 1950s, was confirmed in Colombia in 2019 and in Peru by 2022, placing it within the major banana export zones of northern South America that supply most of the world's Cavendish banana trade; the FAO-coordinated International Alliance Against Panama Disease estimates Foc TR4 threatens $25 billion annually in global banana trade with no commercially available variety-resistant replacement for the Cavendish