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Iran routes roughly 1.5 million barrels of crude per day through a shadow fleet and front-company network to circumvent US and EU sanctions that have been in place since the 1990s.
·4 takes ·Jul 3
Russia's network of roughly 600 aging tankers that moves sanctioned crude oil outside G7 oversight, funding the war in Ukraine.
·4 takes ·Jul 3
The narrow channel between Iran and Oman's Musandam Peninsula is the world's single most critical oil shipping chokepoint, carrying roughly 20 million barrels per day, and its security status in 2026 became the defining variable in global energy markets.
·4 takes ·Jul 3
Shared by Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia, the Strait of Malacca carries 23 million barrels of oil daily, more than any other chokepoint, linking Middle Eastern suppliers to Asian markets.
·3 takes ·Jul 3
Venezuela holds the world's largest proven oil reserves but produces a fraction of its peak output, making its recovery the most consequential upstream story in the Western Hemisphere.
·4 takes ·Jul 3

The briefing, by email